Alteración en la expresión de proteínas transportadoras de colesterol y moléculas inmunomoduladoras en pacientes con VIH-1 / Altered expression of cholesterol transport proteins and immunomodulators molecules in HIV-1 infected patients

Debido a que la terapia antirretroviral no logra controlar la activación inmune asociada a la infección por VIH-1, el estudio de moléculas inmunomoduladoras puede proporcionar alternativas para su control. En este sentido, el propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la expresión transcripcional de moléculas asociadas con el metabolismo del colesterol-HDL (C-HDL) y con la respuesta inflamatoria mediada por el inflamasoma NLRP3 en pacientes infectados con VIH-1. En este estudio transversal, se incluyeron 23 pacientes VIH-1 sin tratamiento antirretroviral, con diferentes estadios de progresión, 7 de los cuales son controladores (Carga viral <2000 copias/mL) y 16 progresores (Carga viral >2000 copias/mL), además de 7 controles sanos. En células mononucleares de sangre periférica, se cuantificaron los niveles de la expresión transcripcional de ABCA-1, ABCA-3, Caspasa-5 y TXNIP mediante RT-PCR. Se evaluó la asociación de estos parámetros con variables demográficas y de laboratorio, y se encontró que los individuos VIH-1 progresores mostraron niveles significativamente menores de TXNIP y ABCA-3, sugiriendo que durante la infección por VIH-1 se produce una alteración en la expresión de estas moléculas. Dada la complejidad de las interacciones inmuno-metabólicas durante la infección por VIH-1, se necesitan estudios adicionales para establecer los mecanismos precisos involucrados en estas alteraciones

Because antiretroviral therapy fails to control the immune activation that occurs during HIV-1 infection, the study of immunomodulatory molecules may provide alternative strategies for their control. In this sense, the aim of the research was to evaluate the transcriptional expression of molecules associated with the metabolism of high-density lipoproteins and with the inflammatory response mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome in patients infected with HIV-1. This is a cross-sectional study, which included 23 HIV-1 patients without antiretroviral treatment, with different stages of progression, 7 of which are controllers (Viral load <2000 copies/mL) and 16 progressors (Viral load >2000 copies/mL), in addition to 7 healthy controls. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the levels of transcriptional expression of ABCA-1, ABCA-3, Caspase-5 and TXNIP were quantified by RT-PCR. The association of these parameters with laboratory and demographic variables was evaluated and it was found that HIV-1 progressing individuals showed significantly lower levels of TXNIP and ABCA-3, suggesting that during HIV-1 infection there is an alteration in the expression of these molecules. Given the complexity of the immuno-metabolic interactions during HIV-1 infection, additional studies are needed to establish the precise mechanisms involved in these alterations

Comparative lipid profile study between ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke

Background: Stroke is one of the major global health problems. Stroke is the most common clinical manifestation of cerebrovascular disease of which more than 99% are due to arterial involvement and less than 1% due to venous involvement in the form of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT). Among arterial causes 85% are due to infarction and 15% due to haemorrhage.1,2 There is  difference in serum lipid levels in subtypes of strokes to guide lipid-lowering therapy which can reduce incidence of stroke and stroke related mortality by adapting primary and secondary preventive measures.3,4  Authors have endeavoured to correlate severity of lipid derangement and stroke.Methods: In this study 64 consecutive eligible ischaemic stroke cases and 64 eligible hemorrhagic stroke cases would be included. Cases of strokes will be divided into ischaemic and hemorrhagic as per clinical features and with help of brain imaging by CT scan and MRI at the time of admission and 8 hour fasting lipid profile was collected from all cases. All this information will be filled in preformed format.Results: Serum lipid profile of two categories of stroke showed raised serum total cholesterol in 39.1% patients of ischaemic stroke in contrast to 18.8% patients with haemorrhagic stroke (p=0.019).Stroke patients showed raised in LDL cholesterol in 29.7% patients of ischaemic stroke in contrast to 9.4% patients with haemorrhagic stroke, (p=0.007).Conclusions: Based on the finding of our study we conclude that ischemic stroke patient had higher lipid derangement as compare to haemorrhagic stroke in terms of raise total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol.

Alterations of serum high sensitive C reactive protein and lipid levels in newly diagnosed myocardial infarction subjects

Background: Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is one of the major causes of mortality in the world. Atherosclerosis leading to AMI is the most common and severe clinical manifestation observed. Dyslipidemia is one of main traditional risk factor for MI, but in more than 50% of CHD events dyslipidemia was absent.  Atherosclerosis is considered as both a chronic inflammatory condition and a disorder of lipid metabolism. The present study was aimed to estimate the levels of serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol) and hs-CRP an inflammatory marker in newly diagnosed AMI cases and to find out any correlation between these two.Methods: The study was conducted on 50 newly diagnosed myocardial infarction cases, admitted in Cardiology Department Narayana Medical College, Nellore. Both the sexes were included. Fifty age and sex matched healthy individuals were selected as controls. Lipid levels are estimated by end point colorimetric assay (HUMANSTAR kit) and hs-CRP was estimated by immunofluorescence technique (Boditechkit).Results: Significant raised levels of hs-CRP (p value <0.0001) and low HDL cholesterol (p value =0.0085) levels among the cases was noticed. A significant positive correlation was observed between LDL cholesterol and hsCRP (r=0.109, p=0.040). A non-significant positive correlation between hsCRP and HDL cholesterol  (r=0.291, p=0.453) was observed.Conclusions: The results of the study implicate the role of inflammatory component in causing atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease rather than dyslipidaemias alone to be attributed for atherogenesis. Concomitantly HDL cholesterol levels were found to be low in cases that results from the inflammatory component in atherogenesis.

Serum lipids and lipoproteins: a brief review of the composition, transport and physiological functions

The dietary fats are composed primarily of triacylglycerols and some amount of phospholipids and cholesterol. Being hydrophobic in nature, these are insoluble in water, and hence cannot be transported in the blood plasma per se; to enable these lipids to be transported by the blood stream to various peripheral tissues, nature has devised the technique of making these soluble by binding them to proteins. These proteins involved in lipid transport are known as apolipoproteins, and the protein-lipid particle is known as lipoprotein. Thus, lipoproteins can be considered to be the primary transportmechanism to carry lipids from the alimentary tract to various parts of the body. Lipoproteins have gained prominence in medical field over the past few decades because of their role in the aetio-pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, principally atherosclerosis which is the cause of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The various types and sub-types of lipoproteins have been found to have differing and even opposing roles in the development of arterial diseases. An understanding of the differing populations of lipoproteins, the associated proteins and other enzymes, and the myriad variety of inter-actions among themselves and with body cells is vital to our understanding the pathways involved in the development of cardio-vascular disordersand in determining the precise steps where pharmacological interventions can be introduced

Serum High Density Lipoprotein Levels And Magnitude Of Cardiovascular Risk In Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus

Serum high density lipoproteins levels were estimated in type II diabetes mellitus patients with different systemic complications. Total 60 subjects (both male & female) of age group 35–60 years were selected for the study, of which 30 subjects were control (nondiabetic). Fasting high density lipoproteins levels were determined by cholesterol esterase–cholesterol oxidase–peroxidase method . Proportion of different complications was also determined. It was found that average serum values of high density lipoproteins in type II diabetes mellitus patients was significantly decreased as compared to control group. Majority of systemic complications were cardiovascular in which hypertension was commonest. The study indicated a positive correlation between serum high density lipoproteins levels and cardiovascular risk in type II diabetic patients.

Adherence to Southern European Atlantic Diet and physical fitness on the atherogenic index of plasma in adolescents / Adesão à Dieta Atlântica do Sul da Europa e aptidão física ao índice aterogênico do plasma em adolescentes / Adherencia a la Dieta Atlántica del Sur de Europa y condiciones físicas en el índice aterogénico de plasma en adolescentes

Abstract: We sought (i) to evaluate the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF) and Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEADiet) with atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and (ii) to investigate de combined association of MF, CRF and SEADiet on AIP in adolescents. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 493 adolescents (285 girls and 208 boys) aged 15-18 years, from the Portuguese Azorean Archipelago. CRF was measured by shuttle run test and MF by curl up and push up tests. Adherence to SEADiet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The AIP was estimated as log (TG/HDL-C). Measures of pubertal stage and socioeconomic status were assessed. Linear regression showed a significant inverse association between MF (standardized β = -0.165; p < 0.001), CRF (standardized β = -0.081; p < 0.030) and SEADiet (standardized β = -0.081; p < 0.045) with AIP, after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage and parental education. Furthermore, participants classified with an optimal as well as those with low adherence to a SEADiet but with LowMF/LowCRF had on average the highest AIP (F(7.482) = 3.270; p = 0.002). Moreover, optimal SEADiet with HighMF/HighCRF group showed the lowest AIP when compared with those with low adherence to a SEADiet with HighMF/HighCRF group (p = 0.03). AIP is inversely associated with MF, CRF and SEADiet. The low MF combined with a low CRF levels seems to overcome the potential healthy effect of having an optimal adherence to the SEADiet on AIP. However, an optimal adherence to SEADiet seems to improve the AIP in those adolescents with high fitness levels.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivos: (i) avaliar as associações entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR), aptidão muscular (AM) e Dieta Atlântica do Sul da Europa (SEADiet) e o índice aterogênico do plasma (IAP) e (ii) investigar a associação combinada entre AM, ACR e SEADiet e IAP em adolescentes. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base escolar em uma amostra de 493 adolescentes (285 do sexo feminino), entre 15 e 18 anos de idade, nos Arquipélago dos Açores, Portugal. A ACR foi medida pelo teste aeróbico de corrida de vai-e-vem e a AM pelos testes de abdominal modificado e de flexão. A adesão ao SEADiet foi avaliada através de um questionário semi-quantitativo de frequência alimentar. O IAP foi calculado como log(TG/HDL-C). Foram avaliadas as medidas de estágio de puberdade e de nível socioeconômico. A regressão linear revelou uma associação inversa significativa entre AM (β padronizado = -0,165; p < 0,001), ACR (β padronizado = -0,081; p < 0,030) e SEADiet (β padronizado = -0,081; p < 0,045) e IAP, depois de ajustar para idade, sexo, estágio de puberdade e escolaridade dos pais. Além disso, os participantes classificados como adesão excelente ou baixa ao padrão alimentar SEADiet mas com BaixaAM/BaixaACR, tiveram, em média, os maiores níveis de IAP (F(7,482) = 3,270; p = 0,002). O grupo com adesão excelente ao SEADiet e AltaAM/AltaACR mostrou IAP mais baixo, comparado com o grupo com baixa adesão ao padrão alimentar SEADiet e AltaAM/AltaACR (p = 0,03). O IAP está associado inversamente com AM, ACR e SEADiet. Os níveis baixos de AM e ACR parecem contrabalançar o efeito saudável potencial da adesão excelente ao padrão alimentar SEADiet sobre o IAP. Entretanto, a adesão excelente ao SEADiet parece melhorar o IAP nos adolescentes com níveis altos de aptidão física.

Resumen: Nuestro objetivo (i) fue evaluar las asociaciones de las condiciones cardiorrespiratorias (CRF), musculares (MF) y de la Dieta Atlántica del Sur de Europa (SEADiet), con el índice aterogénico de plasma (AIP), así como (ii) investigar la asociación combinada de MF, CRF y SEADiet en el AIP en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal, basado escolares, que se dirigió a 493 adolescentes (285 niñas), con edades comprendidas entre los 15 a 18 años, procedentes del archipiélago portugués de las Azores. Las CRF se midieron mediante una prueba de sprint y las MF mediante pruebas con flexiones y abdominales. La adherencia a la SEADiet se evaluó con un cuestionario semicuantitativo sobre la frecuencia de las comidas. El AIP se calculó como log (TG/HDL-C). Se evaluaron las medidas de la fase puberal y el estatus socioeconómico. La regresión lineal mostró una asociación significativa inversa entre MF (β estandarizado = -0,165; p < 0,001), CRF (β estandarizado = -0,081; p < 0,030) y SEADiet (β estandarizado = -0,081; p < 0,045) con el AIP, tras los ajustes por edad, sexo, fase puberal y educación parental. Asimismo, los participantes clasificados con una adherencia muy buena, así como los que tuvieron una baja adherencia a la SEADiet, pero con BajasMF/BajasCRF contaron con el promedio más alto en el AIP (F(7.482) = 3.270; p = 0,002). Además, el grupo con una muy buena SEADiet con AltasMF/AltasCRF mostró el más bajo AIP, cuando se compara con el grupo que tenía una baja adherencia a la SEADiet con AltasMF/AltasCRF (p = 0.03). El AIP está inversamente asociado con MF, CRF y SEADiet. La baja MF, combinada con los niveles bajos de CRF, parece superar el efecto potencial saludable de contar con una muy buena adherencia a la SEADiet en el AIP. No obstante, una muy buena adherencia a la SEADiet parece mejorar el AIP en aquellos adolescentes con altos niveles de condición física.

Modulación de los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad y las citoquinas IL-1β e IL-6 en pacientes con dengue / Modulation of high-density lipoprotein and cytokine IL-1β and IL-6 levels in patients with dengue

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) y citoquinas proinflamatorias en pacientes con dengue clasificados según la gravedad del cuadro clínico. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, incluyendo 70 individuos con dengue, clasificados como: sin signos de alarma (DSSA), con signos de alarma (DCSA) y dengue grave (DG); 15 donantes sanos fueron incluidos como controles (CS). Los niveles séricos de IL-1β e IL-6 fueron cuantificados por ELISA, y los de HDL en suero por ensayo colorimétrico; además se determinó el recuento de plaquetas y el porcentaje de hematocrito. Resultados. Los niveles de IL-1β e IL-6 se encontraron aumentados en los pacientes con DENV respecto a los controles sanos. Dicho aumento fue más evidente en los pacientes con dengue, de acuerdo con la gravedad del cuadro clínico. Los niveles de HDL se hallaron disminuidos en los pacientes con dengue comparados con los controles sanos. Los análisis de correlación mostraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre HDL y el número de plaquetas; así como entre el porcentaje de hematocrito y los niveles de IL-1β. Conclusiones. El aumento de IL-1β e IL-6 y la disminución de HDL en los estadios clínicos más graves sugieren que ambos factores están implicados en el desarrollo de la patogénesis y severidad. Las correlaciones permiten observar una posible asociación entre HDL y el número de plaquetas que permite dar una aproximación al posible papel de las HDL en la patogénesis del dengue, pero aún es necesario realizar estudios adicionales que permitan elucidar su importancia en el curso de la infección por DENV.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with dengue classified according to the severity of the clinical presentation. Materials and Methods. A descriptive study was carried out with 70 individuals with dengue, classified as no alarm signs (DSSA), with signs of alarm (DCSA), and severe dengue (DG); 15 healthy donors were included as controls (CS). The serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were quantified through ELISA, and the HDL levels through serum by a colorimetric test. In addition, the platelet count and the hematocrit percentage were determined. Results. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were found to be increased in patients with DENV vs. the healthy controls. Said increase was more evident in patients with dengue and in line with the severity of the clinical presentation. The HDL levels were found to be decreased in patients with dengue versus healthy controls. The correlation analysis showed statistically significant associations between HDL and the platelet number, as well as between the hematocrit percentage and the levels of IL-1β. Conclusions. The increased IL-1β and IL-6 and the decreased HDL levels in the most severe clinical stages suggest that both factors are involved in the development of the pathogenesis and severity. The correlations allow the observation of a potential association between HDL and platelet count, which allows us to provide an approach to the possible role of HDL in the pathogenesis of dengue, but it is still necessary to perform additional studies that will allow to state their importance in the course of the DENV infection.

Antioxidative Activity after Rosuvastatin Treatment in Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease and Decreased High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The clinical significance of statin-induced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) changes is not well known. We investigated whether rosuvastatin-induced HDL-C changes can influence the anti-oxidative action of high-density lipoprotein particle. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 240 patients with stable ischemic heart disease were studied. Anti-oxidative property was assessed by paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity. We compared the lipid profile and PON1 activity at baseline and at 8 weeks after rosuvastatin 10 mg treatment. RESULTS: Rosuvastatin treatment increased the mean HDL-C concentration by 1.9±9.2 mg/dL (6.4±21.4%). HDL-C increased in 138 patients (57.5%), but decreased in 102 patients (42.5%) after statin treatment. PON1 activity increased to 19.1% in all patients. In both, the patients with increased HDL-C and with decreased HDL-C, PON1 activity significantly increased after rosuvastatin treatment (+19.3% in increased HDL-C responder; p=0.018, +18.8% in decreased HDL-C responder; p=0.045 by paired t-test). Baseline PON1 activity modestly correlated with HDL-C levels (r=0.248, p=0.009); however, the PON1 activity evaluated during the course of the treatment did not correlate with HDL-C levels (r=0.153, p=0.075). CONCLUSION: Rosuvastatin treatment improved the anti-oxidative properties as assessed by PON1 activity, regardless of on-treatment HDL-C levels, in patients with stable ischemic heart disease.

Efecto del ejercicio sobre las subpoblaciones HDL, la enzima lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y la proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol en estudiantes de Medicina / Effect of exercise in HDL subpopulations, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme (LCAT) and ester transfer proteincholesterol (CETP) in medical students

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre los niveles de las subpoblaciones HDL, enzima lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y la proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol en estudiantes de Medicina. Método: La población se dividió de manera voluntaria en 2 grupos: ejercicio y no ejercicio. Se midieron perímetro abdominal e índice de masa corporal, subfracciones de HDL2 y HDL3 por precipitación iónica, y enzima lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol mediante Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Resultados: El perfil lipídico de riesgo aumentó en ambos grupos: las HDL, HDL3 y HDL2 disminuyeron en ambos grupos, pero solo las HDL2 lo hicieron de forma significativa en el grupo que realizó ejercicio. La lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y la proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol permanecieron sin cambios significativos. Sin embargo, en el grupo que hizo ejercicio hubo disminución estadísticamente significativa de HDL2 y lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa, en las mujeres. Conclusiones: El ejercicio logra modificar algunas variables como el perímetro abdominal, el índice de masa corporal y las HDL3. Estas modificaciones son dependientes del género, pero, a pesar de la intervención de 3 meses con un programa de ejercicio, este no logra reducir los factores de riesgo lipídico en esta población de estudiantes de Medicina, debido a que su entorno hace muy compleja la respuesta metabólica al ejercicio.

Objective: To evaluate exercise effect on HDL subpopulations, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme and ester transfer protein cholesterol levels in medical students. Method: Population was divided voluntarily into 2 groups, exercise and no exercise. Waist circumference and body mass index were measured; subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 by ion precipitation and LCAT and CETP enzymes Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Lipidrisk profile increased in both groups; HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 decreased in both groups, but only the HDL2 decreased significantly in students who exercised. LCAT and CETP remained without significant changes, however, in the exercise group, there was statistically significant decrease in HDL2 and LCAT in women. Conclusions: This study shows that exercise does alter some variables such as waist circumference, body mass index and HDL3. These changes are dependent on gender, but despite the intervention of 3 months with an exercise program, it fails reducing lipid risk factors in this medical student populations, given their environment, which complicates their metabolic response to exercise.

El ácido nicotínico aumenta el transporte celular de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en pacientes con hipoalfalipoproteinemia / Nicotinic acid increases cellular transport of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia

Background: Plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) are involved in reverse cholesterol transport mediated by the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Nicotinic acid increases HDL cholesterol levels, even though its specific impact on SR-BI dependent-cellular cholesterol transport remains unknown. Aim: To determine the effect of nicotinic acid on HDL particle functionality in cholesterol efflux and uptake mediated by SR-BI in cultured cells in hypoalphalipoproteinemic patients. Material and Methods: In a pilot study, eight patients with low HDL (≤ 40 mg/dL) were treated with extended release nicotinic acid. HDL cholesterol and phospholipid levels, HDL2 and HDL3 fractions and HDL particle sizes were measured at baseline and post-therapy. Before and after nicotinic acid treatment, HDL particles were used for cholesterol transport studies in cells transfected with SR-BI. Results: Nicotinic acid treatment raised total HDL cholesterol and phospholipids, HDL2 levels as well as HDL particle size. Nicotinic acid significantly increased HDL cholesterol efflux and uptake capacity mediated by SR-BI in cultured cells. Conclusions: Nicotinic acid therapy increases SR-BI-dependent HDL cholesterol transport in cultured cells, establishing a new cellular mechanism by which this lipid-lowering drug appears to modulate HDL metabolism in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia.

Protective Effect of Costus afer on Lipid Profile and Hepatic Damage in Ethanol - Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats.

Aim: The study is to investigate the impact of Costus afer methanolic stem extract on lipid metabolic profiles and bilirubin levels in alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis progression in rats. Materials and Methods: Male wistar strain albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control (normal feed and water only), Costus afer control (CA), Ethanol control (Ethanol), ethanol + Costus afer (60mg) treated rats (CA + ETHANOL) and ethanol + Costus afer (120mg) treated rats (CACA + ETHANOL). Serum levels of lipids and bilirubin were measured. Results: The result showed that ethanol only administration caused triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and bilirubin to increase by 46.1%, 64.3%, 10.71% and 0.18% respectively compared to control rats (p<0.05). High density lipoprotein was shown to have decreased by 11.2% compared to the control. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of complications and alcoholic diseases. Co-treatment with the extract modestly modulates the effect of ethanol to near normal.

Sobrepeso y dislipidemias en adolescentes / Overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers

INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente hay consenso en que el proceso aterosclerótico se inicia en la infancia, y la dislipidemia es uno de los principales factores de riesgo aterogénicos que deben ser estudiados, así como la valoración nutricional para una adecuada prevención. OBJETIVO: identificar algunas señales de aterosclerosis tempranas como el sobrepeso y las dislipidemias en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 372 adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica "Protesta de Baraguá". Se hicieron mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Se tomó muestra de sangre venosa con ayuno de 12 horas. Se midió el colesterol total, el colesterol unido a lipoproteína baja y alta densidad, y triglicéridos. En el análisis estadístico se realizaron prueba de comprobación de media entre variables de valoración nutricional y lipídicas entre sexos (prueba t), y se trabajó con una probabilidad de error menor de 0,05. RESULTADOS: la media del peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura fueron mayores en el sexo masculino (p< 0,05). El exceso de peso fue 23,7 %, y a partir del percentil 90-97 hubo un 21,8 % de exceso de grasa abdominal. La media del colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y triglicéridos, fue similar en los diferentes sexos, sin relación significativa (p> 0,05). El 18,5 % presentó colesterol total limítrofe alto, el 26,6 % tenía triglicéridos limítrofe alto y 7,5 % alto, con predominio del sexo femenino. CONCLUSIONES: alrededor de la cuarta parte de los adolescentes tenían exceso de peso e incremento de la grasa abdominal, casi la cuarta parte tenía el colesterol total limítrofe y alto, y la alteración lipídica observada con mayor frecuencia fue la hipertrigliceridemia.

INTRODUCTION: there is a current consensus that the atherosclerotic process begins at childhood and that dyslipidemia is one of the atherogenic risk factors to be studied together with the nutritional assessment for the adequate prevention of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: to identify some early signs of atherosclerosis such as overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study of 372 teenagers from "Protesta de Baragua" junior high school. Weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Blood samples were taken after 12 hour fasting. Total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were all measured. The statistical analysis included the t test among nutritional assessment and lipid variables between sexes and the error probability was lower than 0.05. RESULTS: weight, height and waist circumference means were higher in males (p< 0.05). Overweight was 23.7 % and from the 90-97th percentile, the excessive abdominal fat was 21.8 %. The mean of total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins and triglycerides was similar in both sexes, with no significant relation (p> 0.05). In this group, 18.5 % of adolescents presented with borderline high total cholesterol, 26.6 % showed borderline high triglyceride rate and 7.5 % had high cholesterol, being females predominant. CONCLUSIONS: one fourth of adolescents approximately exhibited overweight and increased abdominal fat; almost 25 % had reached borderline and high total cholesterol whereas the most observed lipid disorder was hypertrigliceridemia.

Correlation Between Serum Paraoxonase Activity and High Density Lipoprotein Levels in Type2 Diabetes Predisposing to Aterosclerosis.

Human serum paraoxonase is physically associated with HDL and has been implicated in the detoxification of organophosphates and possibly in the prevention of LDL lipid peroxidation and therefore retards atherosclerosis. HDL levels are inversely related to the risk of developing atherosclerosis. We investigated the serum activity and concentration of paraoxonase and HDL levels in 104 subjects (42 diabetic patients without complications, 42 controls, 20 diabetic patients with complications.). Paraoxonase activity was found to be lower in diabetic patients than in controls. Similarly there was reduction in HDL levels in cases suggesting a positive correlation between HDL and paraoxonase levels.

Papel protector de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en sepsis: aspectos básicos e implicancias clínicas / Protective role of high density lipoproteins in sepsis: basic issues and clinical implications

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are responsible of reverse cholesterol transport and play an important antiatherogenic role. In recent years, several studies suggest that HDL have additional functions, including a possible anti-inflammatory activity in infectious conditions. Furthermore, available evidence indicates that the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) within the circulation during infectious states induced by gram-negative bacteria may be involved in the decrease in HDL cholesterol levels and changes in lipoprotein composition, which have been associated with a higher mortality due to sepsis in animal models and in humans. In this article, we review this subject and also discuss possible mechanisms that explain the positive impact achieved by native HDL, reconstituted HDL, or HDL apolipoprotein peptides on the inflammatory response and mortality in models of endotoxemia. In this regard, it has been proposed that one of the mechanisms by which HDL protect against sepsis may be mediated by its binding ability and/or neutralizing capacity on LPS, avoiding an excessive response of the immune system. Thus, increasing blood levels of HDL and/or parenteral HDL administration may represent a new anti-inflammatory tool for managing septic states in humans.

Las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) son responsables del transporte reverso de colesterol y ejercen un importante papel anti-aterogénico. En los últimos años, diversos estudios indican que las HDL también tendrían otras funciones críticas, incluyendo una posible actividad anti-inflamatoria durante estados infecciosos. Además, la evidencia disponible sugiere que la presencia de lipopolisacárido (LPS) en la circulación durante estados infecciosos inducidos por bacterias gramnegativas podría estar involucrado en la disminución del colesterol HDL y los cambios en composición de esta clase lipoproteínas, lo cual se asociaría con una mayor tasa de mortalidad por sepsis en modelos animales y en humanos. En este trabajo, se revisan los antecedentes mencionados y además se discuten posibles mecanismos que explican la disminución de la respuesta inflamatoria y de la mortalidad que se logran en modelos de endotoxemia tratados con HDL o preparaciones similares. En este sentido, se ha propuesto que uno de los mecanismos protectores de las HDL estaría mediado por su capacidad de unión y/o neutralización del LPS, evitando una respuesta exacerbada del sistema inmune. De esta manera, el aumento de los niveles sanguíneos de HDL y/o su administración parenteral podrían constituir nuevas herramientas anti-inflamatorias para el manejo de estados sépticos en humanos.

Risk Factors for Progression to Postpartum Diabetes Mellitus and Perinatal Complications in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus / 임상당뇨병

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a hyperglycemic condition caused by increased insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion during pregnancy. It is known to be temporary, but it can cause perinatal complications in the mother and baby. Additionally, it may progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we evaluated the risk factors for complications and progression to T2DM in patients with GDM. METHODS: The study included 130 pregnant women who were diagnosed with GDM at gestational weeks 24-28 in 2011. Body mass index and the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, lipoproteins, and coagulation factors (von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were assessed in all patients. RESULTS: The level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly lower and the triglyceride/HDL ratio and coagulation factor levels were significantly higher in the group of patients with perinatal complications compared to those in the group of patients without complications. After delivery, the level of HDL was lower and the value of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was higher in women with impaired glucose metabolism compared to those in women with normal glucose metabolism. In logistic regression analysis, perinatal complications were independently associated with HDL and PAI-1 levels (OR = 0.929 and 1.101, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings of our study show that the levels of HDL and coagulation factors are notable risk factors of perinatal complications. Additionally, we showed that lower HDL level may influence the progression to T2DM. Large-scale population studies are needed to verify our findings.

Concentraciones bajas del colesterol asociado a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, un factor de riesgo a considerar en mujeres con cardiopatía isquémica / Low concentrations of cholesterol associated with high density lipoproteins (HDL), a risk factor to consider in women with ischemic hearth disease

Introducción: La cardiopatía isquémica es una de las principales causas de muerte en la mujer, tanto en Cuba, como a nivel mundial. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si las concentraciones bajas de colesterol asociado a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, representan un factor de riesgo a considerar, en mujeres con cardiopatía isquémica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal en 727 mujeres, durante el período de enero 2010 a diciembre 2012. Se determinó el por ciento de mujeres sin o con cardiopatía isquémica (CI), con diferentes rangos de c-HDL (normal o patológico). Además se formaron un grupo control (A) y dos grupos con CI sin o con antecedentes de infarto agudo del miocardio (B y C), para comparar el perfil lipídico. Además, diferentes factores de riesgo para la CI se relacionaron con la variable c-HDL. Resultados: Las mujeres con CI presentaron un promedio de edad y un índice cintura-cadera, dentro del rango de riesgo cardiovascular. Los niveles de triglicéridos y VLDL-c fueron significativamente superiores (p< 0,05*), relacionados con una disminución significativa (p< 0,05*) del HDL-c, en las mujeres con CI (grupos B y C) al compararlos con el grupo control. Además, se encontró asociación significativa (p< 0,05*), entre las cifras bajas de HDL-c, con la presencia de cardiopatía isquémica, hipertrigliceridemia y el antecedente de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones bajas de HDL-c están asociadas con la presencia de cardiopatía isquémica e hipertrigliceridemia. Por tanto, el control de los niveles de HDL-c representa un objetivo terapéutico que contribuye a reducir eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Además la presencia de otros factores de riesgo como la edad y el sobrepeso, pudiera influir en el desarrollo de estos eventos.

Background: Ischemic heart disease is one of the main causes of death in women, both in Cuba and in the world. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether low cholesterol concentrations, associated with high density lipoproteins, represent a risk factor to consider in women with ischemic heart disease. Methods: An observational, transversal study was conducted in 727 women during the period from January 2010 to December 2012. The percent of women with or without ischemic heart disease (IHD) and different ranges of HDL - C levels (normal or pathological) was determined. Results: Women with IHD had a mean age and a waist-hip ratio within the range of cardiovascular risk. Triglycerides and VLDL-C levels were significantly higher (p <0.05 *), related to a significant decrease of HDL- C levels (p <0.05 *) in women with IHD (groups B and C) when compared with the control group. Also, a significant association (p<0, 05*) was found between the low levels of HDL- C levels, with presence of ischemic heart disease, hypertriglyceridemia and antecent of myocardial revascularization surgery. Conclusions: Low HDL-C levels are associated with the presence of ischemic heart disease and hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, the control of HDL- C levels represents a therapeutic target which helps to reduce major cardiovascular events. Moreover, the presence of other risk factors such as age and overweight could influence the development of these events.

Dislipidemias en comunidades pehuenches de Alto Biobio chileno / Dyslipidemias in Pehuenche communities from Chilean Alto Bio Bio

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 400 habitantes (mayores de 15 años de edad) de las comunidades pehuenches de Alto Biobio en Chile, de mayo a octubre del 2011, a fin de determinar la prevalencia de dislipidemias en esta población. La información necesaria se recolectó sobre la base de la normativa y los criterios del Ministerio de Salud y como resultados generales de las concentraciones plasmáticas promedio y la prevalencia de dislipidemias figuraron: colesterol total de 169,20 ±26,36 mg/dL y 8,2 %; lipoproteínas de baja densidad de 89,93 ±23,31 mg/dL y 4,5 %; triglicéridos de 145,89 ±48,96 mg/dL y 53,0 %; y lipoproteínas de alta densidad de 50 ±8,87 mg/dL y 28,3 %. Las cifras fueron inferiores en el grupo etario de 15-24 años y en personas de ascendencia pehuenche, con una pobre asociación a sobrepeso u obesidad abdominal; en general, resultaron menores a las de los citadinos.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 400 people (over 15 years) from Pehuenche communities of the Chilean Alto Biobio, from May to October 2011, in order to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in this population. Necessary information was collected on the basis of regulations and criteria of the Ministry of Health, and as general results of average plasma levels and prevalence of dyslipìdemia were: total cholesterol 169.20 ± 26.36 mg/dL and 8.2%; low-density lipoproteins 89.93 ± 23.31 mg/dL and 4.5%; triglycerides 145.89 ± 48.96 mg/dL and 53.0%; and high-density lipoproteins 50 ±8.87 mg/dL and 28.3%. The values were lower in the age group of 15-24 years and in Pehuenche people with poor association with abdominal obesity or overweight; in general, they were lower than those of the city people.

Relationship between estrogen and lipid profile status in postmenopausal women.

Menopause is the permanent cessation of mensturation due to loss of ovarian follicular function, which results in decreased production of estradiol and other hormones. Decreased levels of estrogen leads to variations in lipid profile leading to atherosclerosis thus by increasing risk of coronary artery disease in post menopausal women. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum estradiol and lipid profile status in postmenopausal women to assess risk for coronary artery disease. Study includes 70 subjects, 30 healthy premenopausal women (25-40yrs) and the healthy postmenopausal women in the age group of (55 – 65yrs).Serum estradiol and lipid profile status were estimated in both cases and controls. Reduced estradiol (P0.0001) in post menopausal women and p value is highly significant for total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins. Conclusion: Thus the study outlines that the low levels of estrogen exerts a significant effect on the plasma lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. The risk of coronary artery disease increases in women after menopause.

Decrease of Proapolipoprotein AI was Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Septic Shock

PURPOSE: Proteomics is a peptide screening approach to identify proteins related to physiological and pathological changes. Our objective was to analyze changes in serum proteome profiles in patients suffering from septic shock, during the first 24-h period of therapy and to determine whether these changes were associated with prognosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study based on prospectively collected data that was conducted in an emergency intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral hospital. Consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with septic shock were enrolled. We obtained serum samples from the patients at admission (0 h) and 24 h after admission (24 h). Then, we analyzed the serum proteome profiles, performed Western blots, and measured serum lipid profiles. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. Thirteen patients were grouped into the survivors (SURV) group and fourteen into the non-survivors group on day 30 (NON-SURV). Proteomic analyses and Western blot showed that the expression intensities of proapolipoprotein AI remained unchanged in SURV but decreased in NON-SURV during the first 24-h period of septic shock (p=0.015). Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level also remained unchanged in SURV but decreased in NON-SURV (p=0.036). CONCLUSION: The decrease in serum proapolipoprotein AI expression during the first 24-h period of therapy was associated with a consistently low serum HDL cholesterol level and a poor prognosis in patients with septic shock.

Study Of Serum Lipid Profile In Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia.

The present study was designed to evaluate the association of lipid profile in pre- eclampsia and eclampsia. This case-control study was carried out in the department of biochemistry, M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, during July 2005 to June 2006. Total 100 study subjects were evaluated, 40 normotensive pregnant women (mean age 24.90 ± 4.04) as normal and 60 already diagnosed preeclamptic & eclamptic women (mean age 24.17 ± 4.90) as study group. Age range was 15-45 years, gestational age 24 weeks to term were included. Patients with pre-existing hypertension were excluded. Serum lipid profile (total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDLcholesterol) of hundred women with Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia (n=60), normotensive women (n=40) were monitored. The preeclampsia was associated with a significant rise in triglyceride (225.6 ± 28.93 vs 165.6 ± 17.22) and fall in HDL cholesterol concentration (42.4 ± 9.29 vs 55.7 ± 7.11), while eclamptic women showed significant fall in HDL cholesterol (41.8 ± 8.79 vs 55.7 ± 7.11) and rise in LDL cholesterol (133.4 ± 11.75 vs 115.2 ± 10.72) as compared to normal pregnant women. Lipid metabolism plays a key role in the pathophysiology of Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia. Increased triglycerides levels along with decreased HDL-cholesterol levels and delayed triglycerides clearance and high blood pressure are associated with development of preeclampsia and eclampsia. This association may be significant in understanding the pathologic processes of preeclampsia and may help in developing strategies for prevention or early diagnosis of the disorder.